Kungani Ukuphulula Kwesikhathi Sokugcina Kusetyenziswa Ngokubanzi Ekunzulweni Kwamandla Okwamanje?

Kusuka kwezinkambo zemoto kuma-chamber zokuvalela kwe-vacuum: Isiqukela sokuthengisa kwesikhathi samandla esisha

Yehlana noma yikuphi umkhosi wokuvalela okusha okwenzekile kwezinhlelo zokuvalela ngokwesikhathi esihle sokuvalela, izibhreka zokuvalela ziyakubonwa ngokuphelele isibreaker sesiphambaniswa isiqukela. Lokhu kukhona kuzo zonke izindawo zokuthengisa kwesikhathi samandla esisha, izindawo zokusebenza ngendalo, izindawo zokugcina amadatha, nezindawo zokusebenza ngokomlando. Lokhu akakwenzeka ngokuphathwa. Umshini wokuvalela kwe-vacuum wazisolve izinkinga eziningi ezenziwe ngamakhelwane aqashelwe ngaphambi — izinkambo zemoto, izibhreka zokuvalela ngokwesinye, nezibhreka zokuvalela ngokwesigas se-SF6 — futhi wabonga izindlela eziningi ezinconywa ngokwesikhathi samandla esisha ngokwemvelo, ubuciko bokusebenza, nokulawula ukuzilawula.

Ukuguqula kubeguqula kakhulu eminyakeni yami-1980 lapho ukwenziwa kwe-vacuum interrupter kuthile kakhulu futhi ubude bokuphakamisa okwenzekayo ngaphandle kwe-oil breakers kubengwe kabili. Namuhla, a isibreaker sesiphambaniswa izindlela zokuthenga ziyilingana nokuthenga kwe-SF6 yomlinganiselo othile, isebenza ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyishumi namabili ngaphandle kokuthinteka kakhulu, futhi ayikho inkulumo yokuqondisa noma ukuthembela kwezinhlelo zezembe zangaphambili.

Izinkundla Zokugcinwa Kwelanga Nokuxhumana Okufanele Kukhulisa Ukusebenza

Akukho Ukuthwala Kwamadolo Ama-Greenhouse Ngaphandle Kwama-SF6

Isulfur hexafluoride (SF6) yilungu lokugcinwa kwelanga oluphakeme kakhulu, lobonakala ngokuthi iphakeme ngemikhumbu engu-23,500 kune-CO₂ futhi inqaba yalo yilungu lweminyaka emi-3,200. Nakuba ama-SF6 breakers abhekene ngokuthi abe nekhaya, ukuvalelwa okuphansi kuyisifunda — izimithi zemithombo zithi ukuvalelwa kusuka eminyakeni yomnyaka kuyisikhathi esingakhiywe ngokulingana nesikhathi sokuthengiswa kwe-0.1% ukuze 1% yezinto ezithengisiwe. Ngaphandle kwe-F-Gas Regulation yase-Europe Union futhi amafomathi amaningi e-Japan nase-Australia, ukusebenzisa i-SF6 emishini yamandla angaphansi yamandla ayisikhombisa kuyakwazi ukuthi kuzobuyiselwa ngokuphelele.

U isibreaker sesiphambaniswa iyasula lokhu kugcina ngokuphelele. Umkhiqizo wokuvimbela uyasebenza ngokusebenzisa amaphutha emetali kuphela okwenzekile kumkhawulo wokuvimbela omubi kakhulu we-ceramic noma we-glass. Akukho gas ekhulula. Akukho gas okufanele kubhekwa. Akukho gas okufanele kubuyiselwa emuva kokugcina kusebenza. Kuma-organisations onamathuba okuziphatha ngokuphelele kwezinsizakalo zokuphatha kahle kwezwe noma abasebenza emazweni apho kunezimfundo ezingcono kwezinye zezigas zokushisa izinsizakalo, ukukhetha ukusebenzisa umkhawulo wokuvimbela ngendlela yokuvimbela ngokungafani no-SF6 iyasiza ekusunculeni ukuphatha kwezimfundo futhi iyanciphisa ubukhulu bekho kwezinsizakalo zokuphatha kahle kwezwe emuva koku.

Ubukhulu Bekusebenza: Akukho Oil, Akukho Ukuhlwa Kwemithombo

Amcimbi we-oil ayabonisa indlela yokuhlwa yomthombo: ukubambisana kwemithombo yokuhlwa kungadlula oil ukuze kwenziwe izigas zokuhlwa, futhi ukungavimbela kahle lezigas kungadlula isikhumba. Nangokwenza ukuchaza kwezinsizakalo zokuphatha kwezinsuku zonke kudinga ukususa nokuphatha izivinini ezinkulu zesi-oil sokuvimbela — okuyisibonelo sokuhlwa kanye nokuthinteka kwezinsizakalo zokuphatha kahle kwezwe. isibreaker sesiphambaniswa ayisebenzi ngokusebenzisa izinto ezinhlwa kakhulu kwezinto zokuvimbela, futhi iyanciphisa ubukhulu bekho besibonelo sokuhlwa esikhumbeni.

Ukuthi kunezinkinga zokushisa kwesikhathi sokugqibela kuyadlula. Kusukwane sokugqibela esikhaleni, isikhathi sokugqibela sishiywa ngokuphelele kusukwane esisemthethweni. Ukushisa kwesikhathi sokugqibela kungafanele kubusbar okanye kubuchwephesha becable, kodwa isukwane sokugqibela akakhi kuzo zonke izinkinga zokushisa kwesikhathi sokugqibela ngokusebenza ngokwesibonelo. Lokhu kubalulekile kusukwane sokugqibela esikhombisa amandla apho ukuthi kunezinkinga zokushisa kwesikhathi sokugqibela (IAC) ngokwesiphumo se-IEC 62271-200 esisho indlela yokulinda abantu.

Ukuguqula Kwesikhundla Sokumisa Amandla eNingizimu eAfrika

IKenya Power, njengesiqondiso sezinkampani zokugqibela kwezindawo zokugqibela kwezindawo ezintsha zokufaka amandla emazwe, kudinga ukuguqula izindawo zokugqibela zesikhathi sokugqibela se-11 kV ezisiza izindawo ezintsha zokufaka amandla emazwe. Inetwork yobukhali buyisebhe izinkampani zokugqibela zemoto okanye izinkampani zokugqibela zemoto ezisuka ku-1970 ne-1980, noma yiziphi eziningi zazo zidala izikhathi zokusebenza zabo futhi zinenzima yokusebenza ngokwesibonelo ngeminyaka yomvula lapho ukufika kwemithi kuhlela ubukhali bokugqibela.

Isikhundla sokumisa amandla sisondela isibreaker sesiphambaniswa i-Ring Main Units kubuye kwe-program yokuphutha. Izi-Ring Main Units eziningi, zavunyelwe ngaphansi kwenhlangano yokuqasha kwezizindikiso zaseHongxin Intelligent Technology, zavunyelwe emaphakathi e-11 kV esebenzisa izindlela zokuhambisa amaqhinga okusebenza phakathi kwe-2,000 ne-5,000 abasebenzi ngalinye. Isiphumo esibalulekile: emva kwezinsuku ezi-24 zokusebenza kwezisubstation ezi-40, isikhundla sokuvula kahle (forced outage frequency) sakhula ngama-62% kulungiselelo lwesibhakabhaka se-oil (oil breaker baseline). Umnikelo omkhulu waleliphutha kwakukususa ukugcina kwezinkinga zokuhlwa (moisture-related failures) — ubukhulu bokuvula kwe-vacuum interrupter akuyiyo kuchithakala ngokuhlwa, ngaphandle kwe-oil apho ubukhulu bakho bokuvula kubeka phansi kakhulu lapho ikhontento yamandla ayihlwa (water content) iphika kune-35 ppm.

Izindlela Zokuphatha Izinto Zokusebenza Ngaphakathi Kwesikhathi Sokusebenza

Ukubalwa kwezindleko eziphelele zobunikazi be-medium-voltage switchgear kwembula ukuthi kungani ubuchwepheshe be-vacuum bulawula. Isiphazamisi-mjikelezo sikawoyela sidinga ukuthathwa kwamasampula kawoyela nokuhlolwa kwe-dielectric njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu, ukuhlolwa kokuxhumana njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, nokushintshwa kukawoyela njalo eminyakeni eyishumi isenzakalo ngasinye esidinga ukuphazamiseka. Isihlukanisi se-SF6 sidinga ukuqapha ingcindezi yegesi nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yegesi ngezikhathi ezithile. A isibreaker sesiphambaniswa kokubili okufinyeleleka ngesikhathi sokuvakasha okujwayelekile kwesiteshi ngaphandle kokukhipha isekethe.

Phakathi neminyaka engu-30 yokusebenza, amahora okugcinwa okugciniwe okufakwa kwe-vacuum breaker ngokuvamile angaba ngu-40% kuya ku-60% ngaphansi kwe-equivalent oil breaker no-20% kuya ku-30% ngaphansi kwe-SF6. Lapho izindleko zabasebenzi bezokulungisa, izinhlawulo zokuyeka ukusebenza, nezimali zokulahla imvelo zifakwa, inzuzo yezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila iba yinto ebalulekile.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kungani i-vacuum ithandwa ngaphezu kwe-SF6 emishini yokudlulisa izikhala?

Amathuluzi okuvula ngokwesibhakabhaka ayaphroducisa izimpilo zokuvula, azidingi izinkampani zokusebenzisa igasi, futhi zihlinzeka ukudinga kwezinkampani zokujonga ukugqibela kwegasi. Kumaqondiswano emkhaya, ukungabikho kwezimpilo ezimbi zokuvula — izimpilo zokuvula zika-SF6 ziyaphroducisa izimpilo ezinamagama amabi njengomhlabathi wokufinyelela — kuyenza ukuthi ukuphatha kwezinkampani zokuvula kwezinkampani zokuvula kubalulekile kanye nokuthuthukisa isikhungo sokuphatha kwezinkampani zokuvula kumaqondiswano emkhaya. Izinqondiswano zama-Hongxin Intelligent Technology ziyasebenza ngalezi zindlela zokuphatha isikhungo sokuphatha kwezinkampani zokuvula.

Ngabe amathuluzi okuvula ngokwesibhakabhaka angakhetha ngemikhumbu engeyinkulu kunezika-SF6?

Yebo. Amathuluzi okuvula ngokwesibhakabhaka ane-arc energy engaphezulu ngokwesibonelo ngoba umthwalo uvula ngemikhumbu engaphezulu. Lokhu kuyekha ukuthi kunezinkinga zokuchitha kwezincwadi ngokuphinda-phinda kwezivula kanye nokuthuthukisa ubunzima bokuphila kwezincwadi kumaqondiswano apho ukuvula kuyakha ngemikhumbu engaphezulu kusasa, njengokuvula kwezinkampani zokuvula zama-arc furnace.

Izinhlobo zezivula zokuvula ngokwesibhakabhaka ziyahlela yini?

Amathuluzi we-vacuum ovakhiwe kakhulu aqhubeka ku-3.6 kV ukuya ku-40.5 kV njengokwesikhundla. Amathuluzi we-voltage apho amaningi kune-84 kV ayasebenzisa amathuluzi emibili e-vacuum ekhanda ngalokho ngalokho, futhi amathuluzi we-vacuum we-singel-break we-145 kV ayadlala indima yamaphakathi emizimba eyodwa, kodwa i-SF6 isebenza kakhulu kumathuluzi we-transmission okungaphezulu kwe-72.5 kV.

Bazifundiswana njani amathuluzi we-vacuum we-circuit ukubona ukuthi bethembekile?

Ukufundisa we-type ngokwesiNtonga ye-IEC 62271-100 uyafaka ukuphatha kwemikhono (ama-10,000 okukhomba kwe-Class M2), ukuphakama kwetemperatura ngokwesilinganisi sokusebenza, ukufunda ukuthi kuyabuka nokuthi kuyabulawa kwe-short-circuit ngokwesilinganisi sokusebenza, ukufunda ukuthi kuyabuka kwe-capacitive current ngokwesilinganisi sokusebenza, nokufunda ukuthi kuyabuka kwe-dielectric ngokwesilinganisi sokusebenza. Ukufunda kwe-routine production uyafaka ukufunda kwe-power-frequency ngalokho ngalokho, ukubhalisa ukuthi kuyabuka kwe-contact resistance, nokubonisa ukuthi kuyabuka kwe-mechanical timing.

Ngabe amathuluzi we-vacuum we-circuit abula amathuluzi we-switching overvoltages?

Kwakho kungakwazi, ikakhulu xa kubuyiselwa amandla angaphezulu okukhishwa kwemithombo yokuqondisa engaphezulu njengokukhishwa kwamandla okuhleliweyo we-transformer. Umpheno wokukhishwa kwamandla — lapho umthwalo uphela ngokuphuzeka phambi kokuphela kwamandla ngokuzenzakale — ungakwakha amandla angaphezulu. Izinkambo zokusebenza zase-CuCr zezinkambo zokusebenza ezintsha nezinkambo zokusebenza zokugcina amandla e-transformer zisewula lokhu ngendlela efanelekile.

Ukuphela kweminyaka yokusebenza kwe-vacuum circuit breaker kuyini?

I-vacuum interrupter ichazwe njengokuphulwa okungakhiyiseki — isibhalo sesikili nezinkambo zokusebenza zase-copper-chromium azinakho izinto ezihlukene okufanele kuzilandelwe ngendlela eyodwa. I-mechanism yokusebenza ne-frame ziyizinkambo zokuvuselela ezikhona ngokujwayelekile. Lokhu kuhambisana nezinkambo zase-SF6 ozofuna ukuthi izinkambo zokuvuselela zizivuselele ngokuchazwe nokuthi izinkambo zase-oil zifune ukuthi izinkambo zokuphulwa zizipholwe ngendlela eyodwa, okwenza i-vacuum ibe yindlela engezansi yokuphela kweminyaka yokusebenza.