Izifaulti zezinhloso zokugcina phansi zokugcina kuzinhlolo ziziphi futhi nisolve njani?

Ukunciphisa Kwesikhathi Sokugcina Kakhulu: Izindaba, Ukuqonda Kokubanga, Nokucubungula Ngokusebenzisa Izingxenye Zonke

Ukuthi ukunciphisa kwesikhathi sokugcina kuyakwenza kanjani ukusebenza kwezinkampani futhi ukuphatha kwesikhathi sokugcina phansi

Ukuphela kwesikhathi sokugcina kwezindawo zokugcina ngamandla angaphansi (LV) kuyisibonelo esinezinkinga ngamazwi amaningi. Umgca wokuqonda kwa-IEEE wa-2022 ubonisa ukuthi izimoto nezifani zihamba ngokusha kakhulu ngama-12 ku-15 percent noma kuphela ukuphela kwesikhathi sokugcina ngama-5 percent. Ukubhalisa kungasebenza kahle, kufa ama-20 percent wezindlela zokubhalisa, futhi izinkampani ezinamandla ephakeme zibegina ukwenza okungafanele. Lezi zinkinga zinganokwenzeka ukuthi zibe yizinkinga zokufa kwemali. Umgca wokuqonda kwa-Ponemon wabulawa ngo-2023 ukuthi indawo eyinhloko iyahlula i-$740,000 ngonyaka njengesiphumo sezi zinkinga. Abaqhubi abaningi bale zinkinga bayizihlangothi zokugcina zezindawo zokugcina nezinhlobo zezicabha ezincane kakhulu. Lezi zimo zonke zenza ukuthi kunezinkinga eziningi kusikwele futhi zenza ukuthi iziqephu zihlale kahle kancane futhi ukuthi izinkinga zokugcina ziyinkulu kakhulu.

Ukusebenzisa kwe-Law ye-Ohm & Ukumodela kwe-Impedance Ukuhlola nokubhala isikhathi sokugcina kwezindawo zokugcina ngamandla angaphansi

Kubafundi bokugcina imithombo, i-Ohm's Law (V=IR) ne-‘Impedance Modeling’ zingabaholi obukhulu bokwakha ngazo ngoba zinconywa ekuboneni izinkinga, kusukela emiphakathini yezimboni zokuphakama kwesikhathi. Izinto ezibalulekile zingaphakathi kwezinye izindawo zokubhalwa nokulawula umkhawulo, ukuchaza kwezimali kumkhawulo wokuphakama kwezimali, nokwakha izimbali zokuphakama kwezimali yokubhalwa kwezinye izindawo zokubhalwa. i-ETAP ne-SKM PowerTools zingamaprojekthi amakhulu okusebenza ekwenzeni lezi zibalo. Isiphumo siyisibonelo sezindawo zokuthinteka, kusukela emiphakathini yezindawo zokubhalwa ezingaphezu kwezindawo zokuphakama kwesikhathi esizigqamileyo ngokwesiqulelo se-NEC 2023. Ukubonwa kwezi zindawo kubonisa izindawo ezifunayo ukuthi abasebenzi bakulawula baze baphinde bafune indlela yokuzilawula.

Izinkulungwane zokusebenza kwempilo: Ukuvuselela Kwesikhala Sekhala, Ukugcina Kwezimali, Nokuguqula Kwesikhala Sokubhalwa

Ukudluliswa kwezinto zokwenza nezindlela zokubhalwa kuyenza izinkulungwane eziphathelene ngezinye:

Ukubuyeza Kwemithambo Yokugcina: Ukuphakama kwe-gauge yemitambo kuyisilinganiso nesiphakade sokupheleka kwesivinini. I-copper, njengomthwalo wokwakha, kuyisilinganiso ngama-40% engaphansi kwe-aluminum ngokupheleka kwesivinini. Lokhu kusiza ekufaniseni kwesivinini sokugcina.

Ukufanisana Kwesivinini Sasephaze: Ukufanisana kwesivinini kuzo zonke iziphaze kusiza ekuphelekeni kwesivinini sase-neutral nezindlela zokupheleka zokusebenza.

Ukubuyeza Kwesikhundla Sokugcina Kukhula Isikhundla Sokugcina Kusiza Ekuphelekeni Kwesivinini Sokugcina Kusilinganiso.

I-Department of Energy isibonisa ukuthi izikampani zokugcina ezisebenzisa lezi zindlela zizokwephula i-downtime ngama-30% futhi zisave ama-18% emali (I-Department of Energy yaseNingizimu Afrika 2024).

Izinkampani Eziningi Kwesivinini: Iziteninali Ezingaqondi Kuze Kufa Ngokuphatha Kwesivinini.

Ukuphatha kwesivinini kwezinkampani nokuthi yini ubungakanani obungapheleki kakhulu kwezinkampani zokugcina ngaphansi kwesivinini.

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehluleka kwezinhlelo eziphansi zamandla kagesi ukuxhumana okuphakeme. Idatha enhle yomkhakha ibonisa ukuthi ibalelwa ku-40% wazo zonke izinkinga ezihlobene namandla aphansi. Ngokolwazi lwethu, zenzeka lapho iziphetho zibizwa ngokuthi zixegisiwe, lapho kukhona ukugqwala, futhi nasezindaweni ezingakwazi ukusebenza zokuxhumana nesistimu. Ngokwemithetho kaJoule, ukumelana nokushisa kunobudlelwane obukhulu. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa ngisho nangama - 10 degrees Celsius kwanele ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuphila kwesici sokuvikela ngamasentimitha angu - 50 esikhathini esingaphansi kwesonto. Inkinga isezindaweni ezisogwini ngoba umoya onosawoti usheshisa ukugqwala ezindaweni lapho izingxenye zensimbi zithintana khona. Izimboni zasemaphandleni ezikhiqiza ukungcola kwezimboni zinamaphuzu okuxhumana aphansi kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-sulphur dioxide emoyeni onomswakama. Lapho ishiywa yodwa, inqubo yokuvunguza iqala ukufaka izinto ezishisayo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu kuze kube yilapho isimiso sehluleka kabi.

Imisebenzi Emyeni Yokugcina Ubukhulu Bokugqibela: Ukuphakama, Ukuvikela Ukuhlukunyezwa, nokubuka Ngamaphetha Okuhlanzeka Kwesikhathi

Ukuvikela ngokuphambili kwezinkinga kuyasebenza ngemisebenzi emibili eyingqayizivele:

Ukuphakama okufanele kusetyenziswa ngokulinganiswe: Kuvikela ukuthi iphakama lezinhlobo zokuzimela liyatholakala ngokufanayo—ukungafanele kuyavikela ukuthi isiphakama sisho ngokuphambili ngokuthi kusho kwezinye izinto zokuzimela, futhi ukuphakama okwenge kuyavikela ukuthi izinhlobo zokuzimela zihlukunyeze kanye nokuphatha umkhawulo wokuxhumana.

Igreysi yezinhlobo zokuzimela enenani lezincane zezinkabi zezincane: Iyavikela ukuthi amanzi ayifikele kanye nokuvikela ukuthi izinhlobo zokuzimela zihlukunyeze, ikakhulu emazweni apho amanzi angena kanye noma kunezinkinga zokuhlukunyezwa.

Ukuzimela kwesikhathi ngokubuka ngamaphetha okuhlanzeka kwesikhathi: Le ndlela iyabonisa ukuthi kukho ‘izindawo eziphakeme’ ezisingasibonwa ngendlela eyothile. Uma kukho ukuchitha kwesikhathi sokuphakama ≥5°C kusukela kumlinganiselo wokwakhiwa, lokhu kudinga ukuthi kwenziwe into ngokutshona.

Xa kusebenziswa ngokujabulisa, le mibono yamagugu yayibonakalisa ukuthi iyavikela ukuthi izinhlobo zokuxhumana zilahlekelwe ngokuphansi kwe-LV ngokuphakeme kwe-78% emaqheleni abhalwe ngokuphambili embonweni.

Amathuba Okuzimisa Kwezinsizakwane: Umphela, Ukuphatha Kwamaphutha, Nokuphatha Kwesikhumba Kwezinkulungwane Zokugcina Ngaphansi Kwemithambo Yezibalo

Amathubani Okuphatha Kwamaphutha Emazini, Emizini Yezindustria, Nasezindaweni Ezinomphela—Nokuthembeka Kwazo Kwezinkulungwane Zokugcina Ngaphansi Kwemithambo Yezibalo

Ukukhwelela kubhekisana ngokushesha kumaqondo amahle. Faka izindawo zemvula njengomzekelo, apho umoya omnandi wamaphakathi kwenza imiphumela yokukhwelela ngokwesibonelo emaphakathini. Izindawo zemvelo zihlukanisa izinkinga ezinye futhi, ngoba izilwane zokugcina njenge-sulfur dioxide zenza isitha esinamandla kumakhonkco welektriki. Kanti ungakhohlwa ukuthi kunezikhathi zokuhlala kwezinkomo nezikhathi zokuhlala kwezinkomo ezingavumeleki zokuphatha i-copper busbars nezinkampani zezikhali ngokwesibonelo sokukhwelela ngokwesibonelo ngokuphakeme kusasa. Izinombolo zibiza indaba ebalulekile — ubungako bekukhona kwezikhonkco kubhekisana ngokushesha ngaphezu kwe-300% ngafika emaswakini amashumi eli nhlaba, okuzosiba ukuphakama kwamachini nokuncipha ukuthinteka kwezinto. Amaphaneli aqondwa ngalezi zindawo zihlala kuphela ama-40 ku-60% ngokulinganisa namaphaneli aqondwa emaqondeni amadabuka, okuthi zizofakwa kabusha kuloko kufanele kufakwe futhi kuzobhekiswa ngokuvamile kwezinkinga zokusebenza.

Ukuchazwa kwezinkampani (IEC 61439-1, izirating zokufihla) nezindlela zokuhlinzeka ngokuphambuka

Izindawo ezivalekile kufanele zihambisane nezidingo ze-IEC 61439-1 kanye namazinga ahambisanayo e-IP ngobunzima bemvelosebenzisa izindawo ezivalekile ezivunyelwe i-IP55 ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zezimboni kanye ne-IP66 ezindaweni ezisogwini nezindawo zokuwashaukulawula umswakama nok Njengengxenye yesondlo sonyaka ngamunye, yenza okulandelayo:

1. ukuhlaziywa Ukuhlolwa kwe-durometer ukuhlola isimo se-duct gasket

2. Ukubamba iqhaza Ukusetshenziswa kwama-terminal corrosion inhibitors, anenani le-NSF H1

3. Ukuphila okujabulisayo Ukulinganisa umswakama wangaphakathi kusetshenziswa ama-hygrometer alinganisiwe

4. Ukubamba iqhaza Ukuthwebula izithombe ezishisayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza komthwalo ophakeme ukuze kuhlolwe izindawo ezishisayo kanye nokugcinwa kokugwema.

Ocwaningweni lwe-2023 lwe-Reliability Study, kwaboniswa ukuthi izinyathelo zokugcinwa kwezinto ezivimbela ukugqwala zinciphisa izinkinga zokugcinwa nezokusebenza ngo-70% kuzo zonke izimo ezimbi kakhulu.

Ukuthembeka Kwesistimu Yokuvikela: Amadivayisi Agugile, Amaphutha Okuxhumana, Namaphutha Okuxilonga

Kungani ukudonswa kwe-relay nokugqokwa kwe-circuit breaker kubangela ukuphazamiseka noma kungasebenzi lapho kudingeka ekuhlukanisweni kwamandla aphansi?

Imishini yokuvikela endala, njengama-relay nama-circuit breakers, ivame ukungahlolwa ngenxa yokuguga nokugqoka imishini, okuholela ekuphenduleni okungalungile kokusebenza ezimweni zokuphazamiseka. Njengoba izixhumi ezixhumene ne-relay zikhungatheka, ukumelana kuyakhula futhi kubambezele isikhathi sokuhamba. Ngokufanayo, iziphethu zesiphepho ziyabuthaka, okubangela ukuba kuvule futhi kuvale ngendlela engalindelekile. I-Energy Reliability Council yathi ngo-2023 cishe ingxenye (cishe u-42%) yazo zonke izithiyo ezingahleliwe zezinhlelo zokuvikela amandla aphansi zonakele. Lezi zinkinga zivame ukubonakala ngokuthi:

Ukuphazamisa ukuphazamisa imisebenzi yebhizinisi ngaphandle kwesizathu;

Ukwehluleka ukugijima kwandisa ingozi yokuduma kwe-arc kanye nokuhluleka kwemishini ngokugcina izinhlelo zokuvikela zingasebenzi ngokugcwele phakathi nezimo zokuphazamiseka. Izithombe ezishisayo ezihlolwe kuma-terminals asebekhulile okuphazamiseka komjikelezo abonisa ukuthi amazinga okushisa angaphezulu kuka-15°C ayisixwayiso esengeziwe.

Ukuxilongwa kwanamuhla: Isu lokushintshwa okusekelwe esimweni, i-thermography, nokuhlaziywa kwejika lesikhathi

Ngokuxilongwa kwanamuhla, izinhlelo zokuvikela ezisebenza nge-relay izinhlelo zokunakekela eziqagelayo zingenzeka. Ukuhlaziywa kwejika le-TCC kunquma izilungiselelo zokuhamba ezisekelwe ngesikhathi, futhi kuqhathaniswa nalezi zilungiselelo zesikhathi somkhiqizi ukuze kutholakale ukuzula ngaphambi kokuba ukuhamba kungenzeka ensimini. Ukuthwebula izithombe kwe-thermographic kubamba ukungajwayelekile kokushisa ekuxhumekeni ngaphakathi kwe-±2 °C. Uma kuhlanganiswa nezinye izindlela njengokuthola ukukhishwa okuyingxenye, lokhu kuba yi-predictive triad,

Indlela Yokuhlola Isimo X Indlela Yokuhlola Isimo Ukuvimbela Ukwehluleka

Lapho kucatshangelwa ukushintshwa okususelwa esimweni lapho kushintshwa kuphela izingxenye ezibonisa ukwehla okulinganisekayo, kunokuvama kokuphila kwemishini ngama-35% kanye nokwehliswa kokwehluleka okungalindelekile ngama-60% (Umbiko Wokugcinwa kwe-IEEE 2023). Le ndlela entsha isebenzisa idatha ukuze iqede izinhlelo zokushintsha ezisekelwe ekhalendeni futhi ithuthukise imizamo yokulungisa, izingxenye ezisele, nokuhlela isikhathi sokuphumula kwezinhlelo zokulungisa ugesi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ukuphela kwe-voltage okungafanele kwezinhlangano zokugcina voltage encane, ubukhona kuphi?

Kunezinkinga zokuzinza okungafanele, futhi kwezinhlangano zokugcina voltage encane, ukusebenzisa izihlakalo zesikhala esingafanele nokubhakisha kwamaphoyinti amahle ekhaya kuyenza ukuzinza okungafanele nokuphela kwezimali zokusebenza.

Ukuphela kwe-voltage okungafanele kufaka kanjani emsebenzini yezinkotho?

Izimali zokusebenza zezinkotho njengezimotolo nezilayithi zizoba zikhulu, futhi izikhathi zizoba ziyagcina, okuzenza ukusebenza kungafanele futhi ukuphela kwemisebenzi.

Izindlela ziphi ezisebenziswako ukuthola izinkinga zokuphela kwe-voltage?

Abalungisi basebenzisa i-Ohm's Law, ukumodela kwe-impedance, nezizixhobo njenge-ETAP ukuthola nokumodela ukuphela kwe-voltage kwezinhlangano.

Izibizo ziphi ezingasebenzisa amakhasini ukunciphula ukuphela kwe-voltage kwezinhlangano?

Ukuchangeza kwezikhala, ukubalansisa iziphakade, nokuguqula isimo sezifedha ziyizindlela eziphelele ukunciphula ukuphela kwe-voltage futhi ukwakha ukusebenza kahle.

Izindlela ziphi zokuhlanza ukungabi nesilinganiso sezihlakalo?

Ukuthuthukisa ukungafani kwezindlela zokugcina, sebenzisa i-torque esivumelwe ngokuphelele, sebenzisa i-dielectric grease, futhi wenza i-infrared thermography yokuzilonda.