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Umsebenzisi wokufaka amasola eNingizimu Yurophu wabhalisa isistimu se-PV esiyi-100 kW esibhakathini, kodwa wabona ukuthi inverter iyaphakisha ukuphuma kwe-82 kW ngeminyaka yokuqonda kakhulu kwesithunzi. Inverter engafanele ngokukhulu yayisebenza ngokungafanele futhi yayihlula ngaphezu kwe-20 percent yezindlela zokugenera zokubaluleka kwe-array — lo msebenzi owangavunyelwa uma kuzoyazi indlela yokuguqula i-DC ku-AC nokuhlanganisa ngokulinganayo ubukhulu bokuguqula nezindlela zokusebenza kwe-array. Inverter ngu-“intelligence center” yezindlela zokusebenza kwe-photovoltaic, futhi indlela yakuguqula iyadetermina ukuthi yiziphi izindawo zokugenera kwe-sola okwenzelwe ngamapaneli azofika kusistimu yesikhephe somkhakha noma kusistimu sesikhephe sokugcina.
Indlela Yokuguqula i-DC ku-AC
Ukutshaba Kwe-Maximum Power Point
Izibhokisi zezulu zihlanganisa amandla e-DC ngokuphakanyiswa kwevoltage ne-current okuphakanyiswa kakhulu ngezikhathi zokubuka kwesibhakabhaka ne-temperature yebhokisi. Ngokwesikhathi esithile, kukho indlela eyodwa yokusebenza — indlela yokusebenza yokuphakamisa amandla — apho iproduct yevoltage ne-current iyaphakamisa kakhulu. Umthwalo wokuphakamisa amandla wokusebenza (MPPT) owenziwe ngendlela yokuqondisa umthwalo wokusebenza wokugcina inverter uyabeka impimpa yokuqondisa ukuthi i-PV array isebenza ngendlela eyodwa. Ukuthintela nokuzwa (Perturb-and-observe) nguMPPT eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: umkontrola uyakwenza ukuguqula okuncane kwevoltage yokusebenza, uyazwa ukuthi amandla ayagcina kahle noma ayagcina kancane, futhi uyahamba ngendlela eyayisiza. Izinverter zezigaba zezigaba zasezinsizini zama-2024 ziyasusa izindlela eziningi zokuphakamisa amandla wokusebenza (MPPT), ngokwesinye isinye isihlombe se-PV modules — lokhu kungavumeli ukuthi ukushisa kusihlombe esinye kuhlinze isihlombe esingashisi kusihlombe esinye sokuphakamisa amandla wokusebenza. I-efficiency yokuqondisa ukuthi amandla ayagcina kahle — ipharsenti yamandla avela kwe-array ayagcina ngokuphakamisa amandla wokusebenza — iyaphikisa 99% kwezinhlelo ezinamandla kakhulu ngokwesikhathi sokubuka esisodwa.
Ukuguqula Umkhakha Wokusebenza nokugenerate ama-waveform
Amandla we-DC okuthiwa ngaphansi kwe-MPPT ayafika ekhaya lokuguqula amandla lwe-inverter, apho izikhundla zokuguqula — ezinkulu ziyizikhundla sezinkampani zokuguqula zokuphatha i-DC (IGBTs) eziqinisekisiwe ngamandla we-600–1 200 volts — ziguqula umandla we-DC wokungena ku-AC esiphakeme ngokuphakama kwe-sine. Ukuguqula ngokubhala kwesikhundla (PWM) kuyagcina umugqa wokuguqula: ngokuguqula ububanzi beshikhundla ngisho ngesikhundla sokuphakama kwe-sine yokuqala, umandla wokuphakama wokugcina ngalunye isikhathi sesikhundla sifanana nomandla wokuphakama wokufanele. Umkhakha wokuguqula, owenzelwa ngokuvamile ku-16–20 kHz kwezinkampani zokuguqula zezinsukwane, uyakhula kakhulu ukuthi isikhundla sokuhlinza — okuyizindawo zokuhlinza nezinkampani zokuhlinza — singahlinze isikhundla sokuphakama kusikhundla sokuphakama esihle ngokuphakama kwe-harmonic kungaphezu kwe-3%. Le sikhundla sokuhlinza siyisikhundla esibalulekile ngoba ukuphakama kwe-harmonic okuphakade kumandla wokuphakama kwe-inverter kungasiza ukuthi izimoto zokugcina zihlale kakhulu, ukuthi kubhekwe ngokungafanele kwezinkampani zokugcina ezinkulu, nokuthi kubhekwe ngokungafanele ngamandla okuhlinza kwe-grid uma le inverter iyathumela amandla kwezinkampani zokugcina.
Ukuhlanganisa kwe-Grid nokukhetha amathransfomha
Amathinverteri okuhlanganiswa kwe-grid kufanele aqondisane nokuvumela kwabo ukuvumela, ukufana kwe-frequensi, nokufana kwe-angle yephase ngaphambi kokulangana nesupply yomthombo. Isistimu sokulawula yethinverter isibonise ukuvumela kwe-grid ngamathuluzi wokubona futhi ishintsha indlela yokushintsha ukuze ifanele ngemikhakha eminyane — okukodwa ±0.1 hertz yefrequensi futhi ngemizwi eminingi yephase angle. Amathinverteri atholakala ngamathransformera asetshenziswa kwe-low-frequency ayisebenzisa amathransformera omlinganiso wokugxilwa kwe-DC ne-AC, okunika ubuchule obungcono bokugxilwa kwe-DC current into the grid futhi ukwenza ukulungisa isistimu sokugxilwa sikhulu. Amathinverteri angatholakala ngamathransformera ayishintsha amathransformera wokugxilwa kwe-iron-core, okuphepha umkhondo, ubukhulu bephansi, nokuthengiswa futhi ukuphepha ukuguqula ngokuvamile ngo-1 ku-2 percent. Ukuchitha kuyisibopho sokuthi amathinverteri angatholakala ngamathransformera kufunele ukubona ngokuphelele ukuthi kuselwa kwe-DC leakage current futhi ukuthinteka izinkampani zokuthinteka ukuze zifanele nezindlela zokulangana kwe-grid, futhi zihlukile kwezindlela zokungagxilwa kwe-PV array ukuze zikhubuke izindlela zokuthinteka zokugxilwa ngokwesibonelo ngamaphaneli kugxilwa.
Ukuhlelwa nokubaluleka kwezinto zokuphatha izulu
Ukuhlelwa kwemithombo yesikhathi esisha kufika ku-97 ku-99 percent ngemizamo emihle, kepha isibalo se-EU sokuhlelwa — okuyi-average eya kubhekisa imizamo yokuqhubeka kwempilo — sibonisa ukuthi kungani ukusebenza kahle. Isibalo se-EU sokuhlelwa sisebenzisa amathambo okuhlelwa kwezihlelo zokuhlelwa ngemizamo yezindawo ezahlukene: 3 percent ngemizamo yezindawo eziyisikhombisa 5 percent, 6 percent ngemizamo yezindawo eziyisikhombisa 10 percent, 13 percent ngemizamo yezindawo eziyisikhombisa 20 percent, futhi amathambo akhulu kakhulu kusukela ku-100 percent, okubhekisa ukuthi kungani imizamo yokuqhubeka kwenziwa ngokwesikhathi esingaphansi kwezinsuku zokushisa. Ukuchithwa kwesihlelo kuzo zindawo eziyisikhombisa izinkinga kucindeze kakhulu ngoba ukusebenza kwemithombo yayo — njengoko kusebenza kwezincwadi zokuphatha, amafan yezinkolelo, nokuchithwa kwesikhathi sokuguqula — kuyakwazi kakhulu ngokulingana nesiphambano. Ukukhetha umthombo owenziwe ngokuthi indawo yokusebenza yomkhakha iyahluka phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlelwa kwe-mthombo — okuyizindawo eziyisikhombisa 30 ku-70 percent yekhapa lokusebenza — kuyakwazi kakhulu ukuthi kungani ukuthembeka kwezinsuku zokushisa.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ukuphulaphula phakathi kwezinkampani zokuguqula amagama nezinkampani zokuguqula eminye?
Izinkampani zokuguqula amagama zihlanganisa i-PV eziningi ngokugxilwe kumkhombisi omnye, okufanayo nokuthi kubhekwe ku-1 kuya ku-100 kW. Izinkampani zokuguqula eminye zihlanganisa umkhombisi omncane ngalokho lokho lokusebenza, ziguqula i-DC ku-AC ekhaya lepaneli. Izinkampani zokuguqula eminye zisula isibopho sokungabikho kwezinye izindawo futhi zisula ukungabiwa kwezinye izindawo kodwa ziyathengiswa ngokukhulu ngalokho lokusebenza.
Ukuthi i-MPPT isebenza njani uma kubonakala ukuthi kunezincwadi ezingahlanzeka kakhulu?
Izinhlongobuzo ze-MPPT eziphelele zihlanganisa ukuthi kubhekwa phambili ukuthi kubonakala ukuthi kunezincwadi ezingahlanzeka kakhulu ngokubhekwa kwezinhlongo zezimali ezingaphambili kumaqondiso akhona, kungazi ukuthi kubhekwa phambili futhi kubhekwa emuva. Kumaqondiso aphansi kwezincwadi ezingahlanzeka kakhulu lapho kubonakala ukuthi kunezincwadi ezingahlanzeka kakhulu ngokuphansi kwe-50 percent ngemizuzu, lezi zinhlongobuzo zisiza ukuthi kubhekwe phambili ngaphezu kwe-98 percent.
Kungani imithombo yegrid iyadinga ukuthi izinkampani zokuguqula zibe nesixoleli sokuvikela ukuthi kungabiwa kwezinye izindawo?
Ukuvikela ukungabi nesilinda kuyavikela ukuthi umshakeli awusondele kumkhulu ngemizuzwana emibili ngokuphuma kwemikhulu, okunqamuka isistimu yase-PV ukuthi ibe yisiqu sesikhulu esingasitholakali ngabaphathi besevikela. Lokhu kuyisicelo sokuvikela esinconywa ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izindlela zokuxhumeka kumkhulu, futhi kufaka i-IEEE 1547 ne-IEC 62116.
Yini okubangela ukuthi umshakeli abe yisikhala futhi ukuthi kwenziwa njani ukukhathazeka kwalokho?
Ukukhala kubangela ukuthi amandla ase-DC asuselwa kusuka kweziqu zase-PV ayiphikisana nokulinganisa kwe-AC okuphelele kwe-mshakeli. Umshakeli uyakhala amandla akhethekileyo, ukuphula amandla okungenza. Ukulinganisa kahle kuyakhiqiza ukuthi amandla ase-DC okuphelele kweziqu — okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi kubili-1.1 kuya kubili-1.3 kweziqu zase-AC zomshakeli — kumshakeli, ukubhalisa ukukhala okuncane ngemizamo eyisikhala kuphela ukungakwazi ukulinganisa umshakeli kakhulu.
Ukuthi ubuhlungu bezinsuku bakhathazeka njani umshakeli?
Ukuqinisa kwe-inverter kufika emphakathini ngokuphakama kwezinkampani zayo, futhi izinverter zihambisana ngokugcina ukuthenga kwazo uma isikhathi sendawo siphakama kusukela ku-40 ku-45°C. Ukufaka kwezinverter emaphakathini awabonakalayo, noma kuzo zonke izindawo ezinamandla amaningi, kungakhetha ukufaka kwezinverter emaphakathini awabonakalayo, kungaba yindlela yokuphepha isikhathi sokusebenza ngo-10 ku-15°C futhi kungahlela ukuvutha kwamanje we-energi ngo-2 ku-4 percent.
Izinverter zingathola indawo yokuthuthukisa impilo yomkhumbi?
Izinverter zokuxhumana nomkhumbi zezinsizakwane zingasebenza ngemiphumela yezinkampani ezingafani no-unity, futhi zingathola noma zithabatha impilo yezinkampani njengoba kubhekwa ngu-Grid Operator noma ngu-Site Controller. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi i-PV Systems zingathola ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa kwezinkampani kungafani nokuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa kwezinkampani kuphela.